ar”的异同的大纲所示：
item－by－item
1.motorcycle a.expense b.upkeep c.safety
2.automobile a.expense b.upkeep c.safety
point－by－point
1.expense a.motorcycle b.autormobile
2.upkeep a.motorcycle b.autormobile
3.safety a.motorcycle b.autormobile
3）运用连接词语保持连贯（连接词语见第34单元）
exercise 14-1
directions：write a paragraph using a point－by－point
comparison/contrast about the advantages of bikes over cars or
buses.the outline
and the topic sentence are given.
outline：1.expense a.cars or buses b.bikes
2.convenience a.cars or buses b.bikes
3.pollution a.cars or buses b.bikes
as compared with cars or buses，bicycles have unique advantages for chinese people.
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exercise 14-2
directions：write a paragraph of contrast，contrasting women today with women in the past（hints：social status，family status，etc.）.
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第十五单元 推展段落方法之七——下定义法
15.1下定义法
下定义（definition）就是解释某事物是什么，不是什么。写下定义段落时，通常把概念或要下定义的事物置于一个大的类别中，然后解释该事物与同一类别的其它事物有何不同。下定义法多用作推展段落的辅助方法。
示范段落15－1
a pencil is an instrument for writing on paper.it is of cylindrical shape and can
be held between the first two fingers of the hand.it is about 6 inches long and 1／4 inch wide.at the end there is usually an eraser attached to the pencil by a
surrounding metal band.lead is the material which is used in making the marks on the paper，and a sharpener is needed to keep
the pencil in good working order.pencils are made of various kinds of wood.
15.2示范段落分析
主题句：a pencil is an instrument for
writing on paper.细节：shape，material
15.3关于如何写下定义段落
1）以正式的定义开始
一个正式的定义段落通常把要定义的术语置于一个概类中，然后指出该术语与其它同类别事物有什么不同。在示范段落15－1中，要定义的术语是“pencil”，属于概类“instrument”。
2）用描述、举例或比较对比方法扩充定义
在正式的定义之后，必须更详细地解释该术语的意思，在示范段落15－1中用的是描述法，在示范段落13－1中，扩充“courage”概念用的是举例法。比较对比法也可以用于扩充定义，对比法陈述该事物不是什么，比较法陈述该事物象什么。
exercise 15-1
directions：read the following paragraph，point out the topic sentence and find out what method（s）are used to expand the defintion.
chemistry is that branch of science which has the task of
investigating the materials out of which the universe is made.it is not concerned with the forms
into which they may be fashioned.such objects as chairs，tables，vases，bottles，or wires are of no significance in
chemistry；but such
substances as glass，wool，iron，sulfur，and clay，as the materials out of which they
are made，are what it
studies.chemistry is
concerned not only with the composition of such substances，but also with their inner structure.
topic sentence：____________________________________________
method（s） used：_______________________________________
exercise 15－2
directions：the definition of“an ice－box”can be，“an ice－box is an appliance for storing
food at low temperature.”now use the method of description to expand the definition.
an ice－box is an
appliance for storing food at low temperature.
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exercise 15-3
directions：give the defintion of friendship and then use an example to expand
your definition.
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第十六单元 推展段落方法之八——分类法
16.1分类法
分类法（division and classification）是把一事物拆成几部分，表明这些部分与整体的关系。通常，作者以总类开头，然后把总类拆开，——列举部分或全部分类。
示范段落16－1
there are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any
good library.first，there are books on all subjects，both in english and in many other
languages.these books
are organized according to subject，title，and author in
a central filing system called card catalog.books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for
a period of two to four weeks.second，there are
reference materials，which include encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，etc.and which
generally must be used in the library itself.third，there are
periodicals—magazines，news－papers，pamphlets—which are filed alphbetically in
racks or which have been micro－filmed to conserve space.like reference works，periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.
16.2示范段落分析
主题句：there are three basic kinds