the topic “how to prepare for an important
exam”in no less
than 100 words.
remember to write clearly.
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第二十七单元 如何用因果法推展篇章
27.1 cause and effect（因果法）
the stating of facts and the giving of reasons to explain why and
how the facts came about is the basic procedure in essay development by cause
and effect.the technique
of cause and effect has great flexibility，for the relationships between causes and effects are not always as
clear cut as the two terms seem to suggest.causes may not all carry the same weight，for example.several contributing causes may be
grounded together to form one important cause.there may be one effect to a cause，or there may be many.effects may be less important than causes，and so on.so you have to be very careful in
dealing with cause and effect.
model essay 27-1
as it is known to everyone，languages are constantly changing nowadays.there are many reasons why
languages change，but the
following three major causes may help illustrate the concept.initially，various languages that started from
the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted
away from one another to establish isolated，independent communities.
another major cause of language change is the influence of and
interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result of militaryconquest.a continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and
new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer
contact，with
borrowing between language a common phenomenon in the contemporary world.
new established communities，the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures，the rapid development of technology
and new systems of communication contribute to language change.so we may say all languages change
as the experiences of their speakers change.
27.2 analysis of the model
essay（范文分析）
the three causes of language change mentioned in the above model
essay can be outlined as follows：
effect：languages are changing constantly.
cause：a.newly established communities
b.the influence
of and interaction with foreign cultures
c.the rapid
development of technology and new systems of communication
本文作者首先点出主题思想：languages are contantly
changing（表明结果），接着列举了导致发生变化的三大原因，并举例加以说明，使读者对文中的因果关系一清二楚（此篇文章着重强调了语言发展变化的原因）。此外，文中所用的一些转换词语使文章有了明显的连贯性。作者通过“initially…another major cause is…a continuing cause for change is…”这一灵活多变的转换句式巧妙地引出了语言变化的三大原因。因此，文章读起来既连贯一致，又具有较强的说服力。
writing assignment 1
directions：write a 3-paragraph essay by using the cause-effect technique to
illustrate why football is becoming more and more popular in recent years.the title and the given information
will be of help.
1）it is played
world wide；
2）it is an
exciting game—both for
players and viewers；
3）there are
many football fans throughout the world.
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writing assignment 2
directions：write a 3-paragraph essay by using the cause-effect technique to
illustrate the causes of global warming.your composition should be no less than 100 words.base your ideas on the given
outline below.
recently there has been an increase in the amount of co2 in the
atmosphere，which，in turn，causes global warming.
1）increased
power generation using coal or oil；
2）increasing
numbers of gasoline engines-cars，trucks，etc.；
3）growth of
industrial production；
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第二十八单元 情景作文situational composition
according to the syllabus and the practice up till now，cet—4composition usually has the following five types：situational composition（情景作文），key words composition（关键词作文），topic sentence composition（主题句作文），title-given composition（给出题目作文） and writing a composition
according to tables and graphs（图表作文）.
the examinees are required to follow the directions and develop the
composition into three paragraphs to form an essay of no less than 100 words in
30 minutes.the essay
should be clear，coherent and
grammatically correct.therefore，from this unit on，we are going to introduce the above five types of compositions
respectively.
28.1 situational composition
in recent years，situational composition has been frequently used in cet—4.this kind of writing