writing are different.in paragraph（2），however，by using the six comparsion and

contrast transitions，“on the other hand”，“but”，“while”，“by contrast”and“although”，we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in

six aspects.

34.3 常用的转换词语类型（types of commonly used

transitional words or phrases）

1）listing列举

first，second，third

firstly，secondly，thirdly

first，furthermore，finally

in the first place，in the second place，finally

last but not least

first and most important

to begin with，next，then，finally

the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the

next step

2）illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）

for example（f.e.） including

for instance（i.d.） mainly

namely such

as

3）emphasizing强调

obviously certainly

undoubtedly especially

surely above all

indeed most important of all

in fact most importantly

very likely

4）paralleling并列

or that

is，that's to say not

only…but（also）

and in

other words both…and as

well as

neither…nor either…or

5）adding补充

also（too） gain furthermore

further moreover what

is more

then in

addition besides

as well（as）

6）comparison and contrast比较与对照

comparatives：the same…as；be similar to；and….，too；

（比较连接词）and…so…；not…and…not…，either；not

…neither…；both…and…；neither…nor…；

just as…，so…；resemble；have…in common；

there are similarities between…and…

in the same way；equally important；

similarly

contrastives：be…adj./adv.+ er…than；more…than…；

（对照连接词）less…than…；not so…as；unlike…/

contrary to…/as opposed to…；although/

whereas/while；contrast with/differ from/

be different from；however/on the other

hand/in contrast

7）time时间

now in

the past until

soon recently after

a while

later nowadays not

long after

then while in

the mean time

before since meanwhile

8）space order空间

under the table in

the distance

on the hilltop across

the river

in front of the room next

to the door

in the back of the room on the front

wall

on the tenth floor along

the street

nearby far

away

inside the house outside

the school

behind the cupboard by

the window

round the corner on

the opposite side of the street

at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the sea

9）cause and effect因果

since so…that…

because thus

because of this/that hence

because of the fact that therefore

as a result accordingly

as a result of otherwise

be due to be

responsible for

consequently cause

be a consequence of lead

to

as a consequence of contribute

to

be the reason for result

in

follow from bring

about

result from give

rise to

10）concluding总结

in conclusion to

conclude

to sum up in

brief

at last in

short

finally

11）qualifying转折（限定）

but however （al）though

yet except

for nevertheless

of course after

al

clearly

still

34.4 assignment for unit 34

directions：there are twenty blanks in the following passage.for each blank there is a

transitional word or phrase missing.you should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank from

the given words or phrases below .be sure to use each of the given words or phrases，some of which may appear twice.

similarly，therefore，but，however，first of all，and，even，finally，for example，secondly，on the other hand，further-more，third，when，nevertheless，as aresult，or

since we americans are a blend of people from many countries，we have a very short history which

can