十七单元中分别用这些方法对篇章的推展作进一步的讨论。

另外，在今后的各单元中，我们将尽量少用汉语，以便使大家养成用英语思维的良好习惯。

23.1 举例法examples

在篇章写作中，我们常用实例来对自己的观点或文章的主题思想进行说明、解释，使抽象、难解的事物具体化。这不仅有助于读者感受到我们的观点，而且可使文章读起来生动、有趣。切记：举例时一定要典型，能为文章的主题思想服务；而且还要生动、有趣，给人以深刻印象。

23.2 comparison of two model essays（两例范文的比较）

1）my bad-tempered father

my father is easily angered by normal，everyday mistake.one day my father told me to wash the car and cut the grass.i did not hear exactly what he said，and so i asked him to repeat it.then he went into a hysterical mood

and shouted，“can't you

hear？”

another time he asked my mother to go to the store and buy groceries

with a fifty-dollar bill，and told her to spend no more than twenty dollars.she spent twenty-two dollars.as soon as he found out，he immediately grabbed the change

from her and shouted that she was never to do any errands for him again.he did not speak to her for the

rest of the day.

my father also gives my older brothers a hard time with his

irritable moods.one day，he told them to be home from their

dates by midnight；they came

home at 12∶15.he informed them that they were

grounded for three weeks.

to my father，making a simple mistake is like commiting a severe crime.

2）my generous grandfather

my grandfather is the most generous person i know.he has given up a life of his own

in order to give his grandchildren everything they want.not only has he given up many years

of his life to raise his children properly，but he is now sacrificing many more years to his grandchildren.

his generosity is also evident in his relationship with his

colleagues，neighbors and

friends.he has been

responsible for many good deeds and has always been there to help all the

people around him in times of trouble.everyone knows that he will gladly lend a helping hand.

he is so generous that you almost have to feel sorry for him.if one day he suddenly became

selfish，it would be

earthshaking.that's my

grandfather.

23.3 analysis of the two model essays（两例范文的分析）

the first passage is more effective，for it offers specific examples that show us the father in action.we see for ourselves why the writer

describes the father as bad-tempered.it also uses transitional phrases or sentence to organize the

passange more clearly and logically.using“one day”，the writer introduces us the first

example of his father's hot temper；“another time”indicates the second example and the transitional sentence“my father also gives my older

brothers a hard time with his irritable moods”indicates another example will follow.it is the supporting examples and the transitional devices that make

the passage more effective and coherent.

the second writer，on the other hand，gives us no specific evidence.the writer tells us repeatedly that the grandfather is generous but

never shows us examples of that generosity.just how，for instance，did the grandfather sacrifice his life for his children and

grandchildren？did the

grandfather hold two jobs so that his soncould go to college，or so that his daughter could

finish her education？does he give up time with his wife and friends to travel every day

to his daughter's house to baby sit，go to the store，and help with the dishes？we need to judge for ourselves whether the writer is making a valid

point about the grandfather，but with out specific details we cannot do so.in fact，we have almost no picture of the

grandfather at all.

writing assignment for unit 23

directions：write a short passage of the title“my sweet-tempered mother according to the given topic sentence.

remember to provide specific details to illustrate your point and

use transitional words or phrases to make your writing more clearly and

coherently.you may write

your passage on the good qualities of a person by using some of the descriptive

words listed below.they are only suggestions，you can write about other qualities as well.

honest hardworking supportive modest

open-minded considerate independent good-humoured

cooperative energetic disciplined patient

generous trustworthy neat courageous

ambitious soft-hearted reliable unpretentious

my mother is the most sweet-tempered person i know.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

第二十四单元 如何用比较与对照法推展篇章

24.1 comparison and contrast（比较与对照）

often we may want to describe several aspects of two subjects that

have both similarities and differences.when we compare two things，we show how they are similar；when we contrast two things，we show how they are different.we may compare or contrast two schools，two cars，two friends，two jobs，two cities，etc..for this

purpose，we may em