ploy

the combined techniques of comparison and contrast.in writing the essay，you should always bear two

important decisions in mind：1whether you are to do a comparison，a contrast，or a mixture，or2whether you

are to use an item-to-item（逐事比较）or point-to-point（逐点比较）method of development（both have been explained and illustrated in unit14）

model essay 24-1

shanghai and new york are two of the biggest cities in the world.they are different in some ways，but they are similar in some other

ways.

shanghai is one of the most densely populated cities in asia，and new york is one of the most

densely populated cities in north america.the population of shanghai is homogenous，but thepopulation of new york is

heterogeneous.the people in

shanghai speak chinese；the people in new york speak english instead.the cost of living in shanghai is

generally low in comparison with that in new york.while the people in shanghai take buses or ride bikes to go to work，the people in new york drive cars

or take subways to get to work.the people in shanghai use fans to keep cool，where as the people in new york use

air-conditioning.

both shanghai and new york are cities of great wealth and poverty.in both cities，there is a great deal of beauty and

a great deal of ugliness.many people in shanghai are as kind and helpful as those in new york.conversely，some people in shanghai are as

dangerous as those in new york.in both cities，there are people who work all day and people who work all night.both cities are never asleep.

to some visitors，both shanghai and new york are a paradise and a jungle.

24.2 analysis of the model essay（范文分析）

from the above point-to-point essay，we can see that the similarities and differences of shanghai and new

york are as follows：

1differences：

a.population（homogeneous s

（heterogeneous ny

b.language （chinese s

（english ny

c.cost of

living（low s

（high ny

d.transportation（buses and bikes s

（cars and subways ny

e.cooling

appliances（fans s

（air-conditioning ny

2similarities：

a.both are most

densely populated

b.both are

cities of great wealth and poverty

c.both are

beautiful and ugly

d.both have

kind and helpful people and dangerous people

e.both are

never asleep

通过以上比较和对照法的结合使用，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在一起，交替进行逐点比较、对照，这使得读者从始至终能够把握比较与对照的线索。而且，作者又在比较与对照的结构上灵活地安排了次序，使对比既鲜明突出，又富有变化；作者还通过不同的连接手段，如并列连词“and，both，as…as”，与转折连词“but，instead，while，whereas，in comparision with”等，使得比较与对照自然流畅，前后连贯。

writing assignment for

unit 24

directions：write a 3-paragraph essay about the similarities and differences

between tom and jack by using the outline given below.don't forget to use some of the

comparative and contrastive words or phrases given in unit 35.

tom and jack are twin brothers.they are similar in some ways；but the ways they spend their own freetime，make decisions and deal with

problems are very different.

similarities：1）appearance

2）eating habits

3）study

differences：1）ways of

spending free time

2）ways of

making decisions

3）ways of

dealing with problems

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

第二十五单元 如何用定义与分类法推展篇章

25.1 definition and classification（定义与分类）

a writer often employs more than one method of development in an

essay.in order to

make it easier or clearer for the reader，the author may，for instance，decide to classify objects，events or terms by retaining a few classes rather than many specific

items.additionally，he may need to define the lables he

uses in classifying the subject，especially if the lables are not widely known or are abstract.

在进行定义或分类写作时需注意：1）在进行诠释（定义）时，一定要具体、确切；2）分类时要周密，标准必须对应划一，不能交错重叠。

model essay 25-1

nowadays，more and more people have books in their homes，but few of them really ‘own’the books.in professor adler's opinion，there are three kinds of book owners.the first kind of owners have all the standard sets and

best-sellers-books that are sold in very large numbers—unread，untouched.（these owner sown only wood pulp

and ink，not books.）

another kind of book owners have a great many books—a few of them read through，most of them dipped into，that is，most ofthe books are only read or

studied for a short time or without much attention；but all of them as clean and shiny

as the day they were bought.（these persons would probably like to make books their own，but are restrained by a false

respect for their physical appearance.）

the final kind of book owners，however，have a few books or many，every one of them do geared（having the corners of the pages bent down with use，like a dog's ears） and dilapidated（broken and old，falling to pieces），shaken and loosened by continual

use，m